Colonización y resistencia: la lente de Frantz Fanon sobre la ocupación israelí de Palestina, género y salud mental
Palabras clave:
Palestina, Fanon, Salud Mental, Género, Derechos HumanosResumen
Frantz Fanon es reconocido por su papel en la lucha contra el racismo, el colonialismo y la opresión, así como por sus extensas contribuciones a la comprensión de la psicopatología de la colonización. Este artículo analiza la ocupación israelí de Palestina a través de la lente de las teorías de Fanon sobre el colonialismo, el género y la salud mental. Comienza esbozando el marco teórico del colonialismo de asentamiento y su relevancia para el contexto social y político de Palestina. Basándose en la teoría política informada por perspectivas psicoanalíticas, el artículo examina la "inexistencia" de los palestinos, explorando los procesos inconscientes que niegan la existencia del Otro. También se examina la doble carga que soportan las mujeres bajo la opresión política y la ocupación. Finalmente, el artículo conecta las ideas de Fanon sobre los efectos psicológicos de la opresión con la lucha anticolonial palestina, enfatizando las demandas de un enfoque de derechos humanos, anticolonialismo y resistencia.
Citas
th Geneva Convention. (1949). Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of 12 August 1949. https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.33_GC-IV-EN.pdf.
Amrane, D. (1991). Les Femmes Algériennes dans la Guerre. Paris: Plon.
Avissar, N. (2008). Psychotherapy and Political Activism: Examining the Israeli-Palestinian Case. Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society, 13(2), 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pcs.2100153
Baker, A. M. (1990). The psychological impact of the Intifada on Palestinian children in the occupied West Bank and Gaza: An exploratory study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60(4), 496-505. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1990.tb01849.x
Batniji, R., Rabaia, Y., Nguyen-Gillham, V., Giacaman, R., Sarraj, E., Punamaki, R.-L., Saab, H. & Boyce, W. (2009). Health as human security in the occupied Palestinian territory. Lancet, 373(9669), 1133 -1143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60463-6
Becker, D. (2014). Die Erfindung des Traumas. Verflochtene Geschichten. Gießen: Psychosozial Verlag.
Becker, D. (1995). The deficiency of the concept of posttraumatic stress disorder when dealing with victims of human rights violations. In R. J. Kleber, C. R. Figley, & B. P. R. Gersons (Eds.), Beyond trauma: Cultural and societal dynamics (pp. 99-114). New York: Springer Science; Business Media.
Black, I. (2009). 1948 no catastrophe says Israel, as term nakba banned from Arab children's textbooks. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jul/22/israel-remove-nakba-from-textbooks.
Bresheeth-Zabner, H. (2020). An Army like No Other. How the Israel Defense Forces Made a Nation. London; New York: Verso.
Bouatta, C. (1994). Feminine Militancy: Moudjahidates During and After the Algerian War. In V. Moghadam (Ed.), Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies (pp. 18-39). London: Zed Books.
Bowen, E. A., Murshid, N. S., Brylinski-Jackson, A., & Gabel, S. G. (2019). Moving toward trauma-informed and human rights-based social policy: The role of the helping professions. In L. D. Butler, F. M. Critelli, & J. Carello (Eds.), Trauma and human rights: Integrating approaches to address human suffering (pp. 55-74). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bulhan, H. A. (1985). Frantz Fanon and the Psychology of Oppression. New York: Plenum Press.
Busbridge, R. (2018). Israel-Palestine and the Settler Colonial ‘Turn’: From Interpretation to Decolonization. Theory, Culture & Society, 35(1), 91-115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276417742032.
Butler, L. D., & Critelli, F. M. (2019). Traumatic experience, human rights violations, and their intersection. In L. D. Butler, F. M. Critelli, & J. Carello (Eds.), Trauma and human rights: Integrating approaches to address human suffering (pp. 55-74). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dols, A. (2007). Moudjahidate, the Involvement of Women in the Algerian Struggle for Independence. http://www.moudjahidate.com/
Fanon, F. (1952). Black Skin, White Masks. London: Pluto Press, 2008.
Fanon, F. (1961). The Wretched of the Earth. London: Penguin Modern Classics, 2001.
Fanon, F. (1965). Algeria unveiled. In P. Duara (Ed.), Decolonization: Perspectives from now and then (pp. 42-55). London: Routledge, 2003.
Giacaman, R. (2018). Reframing public health in wartime: From the biomedical model to the “wounds inside.” Journal of Palestine Studies, 47(2), 9-27. https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.2018.47.2.9
Giacaman, R., Rabaia, Y., Nguyen-Gillham, V., Batniji, R., Punamäki, R.-L., & Summerfield, D. (2011). Mental health, social distress and political oppression: The case of the occupied Palestinian territory. Global Public Health, 6(5), 547-559. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2010.52844
Giacaman, R., Khatib, R., Shabaneh, L., Ramlawi, A., Sabri, B., Sabatinelli, G., Khawaja, M., & Laurance, T. (2009). Health status and health services in the occupied Palestinian territory. Lancet, 373, 837-849. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60107-0
Greenstein, R. (2019). Colonialism, apartheid and the native question: The case of Israel/Palestine. In V. Satgar (Ed.), Racism after apartheid: Challenges for Marxism and anti-racism (pp. 75-95). Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
Hawari, Y. (2019). The political marginalization of Palestinian women in the West Bank. Al Shabaka. https://al-shabaka.org/briefs/the-political-marginalization-of-palestinian-women-in-the-west-bank/
Herman, J. L. (1997). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence - From domestic abuse to political terror. New York: Basic Books.
Human Rights Council. (2018). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 (A/HRC/37/75). Geneve: Human Rights Council. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session37/Documents/A_HRC_37_75_EN.docx
Ibsais, A. (2024). Palestinians are being dehumanised to justify occupation and genocide. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/8/20/palestinians-are-being-dehumanised-to-justify-occupation-and-genocide
International Labour Organization [ILO]. (2024). Opening address by ILO Director-General at the Special Sitting on the Situation of Workers of the Occupied Arab Territories. Geneve: ILO. https://www.ilo.org/resource/statement/ilc/112/opening-address-ilo-director-general-special-sitting-situation-workers
International Court of Justice. (2004). Legal consequences of the construction of a wall in the occupied Palestinian territory (No. 2004/2). Geneve: International Court of Justice. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-204033/
Jabr, S. (2014). Internalized oppression: Yet another loss for an occupied nation. The Palestine Chronicle. https://www.palestinechronicle.com/internalized-oppression-yet-another-loss-for-an-occupied-nation/
Jad, I. (2018). Palestinian women’s activism: Nationalism, secularism, Islamism. Syracuse New York: University Press.
Kassem, F. (2011). Palestinian women: Narrative histories and gendered memory. London: Zed Books.
Khan, M., & Tinua, A. T. (2024). Israel–Palestine: Dehumanisation and silencing. The Lancet, 403(10429), 805-806. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00229-3
Kornfeld, E. L. (1995). The development of treatment approaches for victims of human rights violations in Chile. In R. J. Kleber, C. R. Figley, & B. P. R. Gersons (Eds.), Beyond trauma: Cultural and societal dynamics (pp. 115-131). New York: Springer Science; Business Media.
Kuttab, E., & Heilman, B. (2017). Understanding masculinities: Results from the International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES) – Middle East and North Africa. Cairo; Washington: Promundo; UN Women.
Lentin, R. (2017). Race and surveillance in the settler colony: The case of Israeli rule over Palestine. Palgrave Communications, 3(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-017-0050-1
Levy, G. (2024). In Gaza, Israel's dehumanization of the Palestinians has reached a new height. Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2024-08-14/ty-article-opinion/.premium/in-gaza-israels-dehumanization-of-the-palestinians-has-reached-a-new-height/00000191-519b-dc60-a397-57ff2c3e0000
Lloyd, D. (2012). Settler colonialism and the state of exception: The example of Palestine/Israel. Settler Colonial Studies, 2(1), 59-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2012.10648874
Makkawi, I. A. (2009). Towards an emerging paradigm of critical community psychology in Palestine. Journal of Critical Psychology, Counselling and Psychotherapy, 9(2), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21714
Marshood, H., & Alsanah, R. (2020). Tal’at: A feminist movement that is redefining liberation and reimagining Palestine. Mondoweiss. https://mondoweiss.net/2020/02/talat-a-feminist-movement-that-is-redefining-liberation-and-reimagining-palestine/
Marton, R. (2007). The right to madness: Les luttes contre la psychiatrie institutionnelle en Israël. CSPRP Conference: Penser aujourd’hui à partir de Frantz Fanon. http://www.csprp.univ-paris-diderot.fr/Penser-aujourd-hui-a-partir-de-171
Mbembe, A. (2019). Necropolitics. Durham: Duke University Press.
Meari, L. (2015). Resignifying sexual colonial power techniques: The experiences of Palestinian women political prisoners. In M. El Said, L. Meari, & N. Pratt (Eds.), Rethinking gender in revolutions and resistance: Lessons from the Arab world (pp. 59-85). London: Zed Books.
Memmi, A. (1957). The colonizer and the colonized. Barcelona: Earthscan, 2003.
Morris, B. (2004). The birth of the Palestinian refugee problem revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
MSF. (2024). Latest massacres in Gaza illustrate the complete dehumanisation of Palestinians. https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/latest-massacres-gaza-illustrate-complete-dehumanisation-palestinians-enar
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs [OCHA]. (2012). The humanitarian impact of Israeli settlement policies. https://www.ochaopt.org/content/humanitarian-impact-israeli-settlement-policies-update-december-2012
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs [OCHA]. (2024a). Reported impact snapshot - Gaza Strip (16 October 2024). https://www.ochaopt.org/content/reported-impact-snapshot-gaza-strip-16-october-2024
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs [OCHA]. (2024b). Humanitarian Situation Update #230. https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/humanitarian-situation-update-230-west-bank
Pappé, I. (2007). The ethnic cleansing of Palestine. London: Oneworld Publications.
Pappé, I. (2008). Zionism as colonialism: A comparative view of diluted colonialism in Asia and Africa. South Atlantic Quarterly, 107(4), 611–633. https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-2008-019
Pappé, I. (2012). Shtetl colonialism: First and last impressions of indigeneity by colonised colonisers. Settler Colonial Studies, 2(1), 39-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2012.10648868
Punamäki, R.-L. (1986). Stress among women under military occupation: Women’s appraisal of stressors, their coping modes, and their mental health. International Journal of Psychology, 21, 445-462. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207598608247571
Richter-Devroe, S. (2018). Women’s political activism in Palestine: Peacebuilding, resistance and survival. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
Rodinson, M. (1973). Israel: A colonial-settler state? Atlanta: Pathfinder Press.
Rogan, E. L., & Shlaim, A. (2007). The war for Palestine: Rewriting the history of 1948. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung. (n.d.). A discussion about the new Palestinian feminist initiative, Tal’at – Part of the revolutionary feminist tradition. https://www.rosaluxemburg.ps/?p=2992
Salamanca, O. J., Qato, M., Rabie, K., & Samour, S. (2012). Past is present: Settler colonialism in Palestine. Settler Colonial Studies, 2(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2012.10648865
Shalhoub-Kevorkian, N. (2004). Conceptualizing voices of the oppressed in conflict areas. In K. Abu-Baker (Ed.), Women, armed conflict and loss: The mental health of Palestinian women in the occupied territories (pp. 5-37). Ramallah: Women’s Studies Centre.
Shihade, M. (2012). Settler colonialism and conflict: The Israeli state and its Palestinian subjects. Settler Colonial Studies, 2(1), 108-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2012.10648870
Sousa, C., & Marshall, D. J. (2017). Political violence and mental health: Effects of neoliberalism and the role of international social work practice. International Social Work, 60(4), 787-799. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872816659385
Summerfield, D. (1999). A critique of seven assumptions behind psychological trauma programmes in war-affected areas. Social Science & Medicine, 48, 1449-1462. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00093-9
United Nations. (2024). 2022 UNFPA Report: Maternal Mortality – West Bank. Geneve: UN. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/2022-report-maternal-mortality-west-bank-19sep24/
United Nations Development Programme [UNDP]. (2024). Impacts of war have set back development in Gaza by as much as 69 years. Geneve: UNDP. https://www.undp.org/press-releases/new-un-report-impacts-war-have-set-back-development-gaza-much-69-years
United Nations - General Assembly. (2014). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Richard Falk. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session25/Documents/A-HRC-25-67_en.doc
United Nations - Human Rights Council. (2015). Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, and in the occupied Syrian Golan. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session28/Documents/A_HRC_28_44_en.doc
UN News. (2023). UN rights chief warns of ‘dehumanization’ of Palestinians amid West Bank violence as Gaza crisis deepens. https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1145132
UN News. (2024). Rights expert finds ‘reasonable grounds’ genocide is being committed in Gaza. https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/03/1147976
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees [UNRWA]. (2024). UNRWA Situation Report #145 on the situation in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/unrwa-situation-report-145-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-jerusalem-all-information-17-24-october-2024-valid-24-october-2024-2230-local-time
Veracini, L. (2010). Settler colonialism: A theoretical overview. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
White, A. (2006). All the men are fighting for freedom, all the women are mourning their men, but some of us carried guns: A raced-gendered analysis of Fanon’s psychological perspectives on war. Consortium on Gender, Security, and Human Rights, 302, 1-31.
World Bank Group a. (n.d.). Gender Data Portal-Israel. https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/israel
World Bank Group b. (n.d.) Life expectancy at birth. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PS.
